North Korean and South Korean foreign policies Research Paper

North Korean and South Korean international strategies - Research Paper Example After the North Korean atomic crisis of 2002, the measure of US help has diminished essentially, and US has sent practically no assets to KEDO since the organization’s official board picked to stop oil transfers to North Korea during November 2002. Likely, the diminishing in help levels has dropped the effectively little impact US help had put on North Korean disposition, fundamentally regarding China’s just as South Korea’s continued help and improved exchange. 1. Presentation United States just as South Korea for the most part thinks about inevitable political consolidation of the Koreas in a libertarian government from the South as unavoidable. In any case, the sort of affiliation, that is, by North Korean disappointment or continuous joining of the North and South, is as yet the issue of profound political contention and irregularity between concerned gatherings, who assess South and North Korea, United States, Russia, China and Japan (Cha, p. 102). ... North Korea's socialist system has represented a state-governed money related framework generally dependent on colossal assistance from Russia just as from China to continue. In a similar time, South Korea has developed into one of the world's most critical money related frameworks, using â€Å"free enterprise† monetary systems just as advancing a majority rule system. From the 1990s, North and South Korea have possessed two representative gatherings and improved budgetary coordinated effort somewhat, despite the fact that reunification despite everything gives off an impression of being a nearly ‘far-off’ objective, excepting unexpected procedures. The American military focused on overseeing give up of Japan. â€Å"Little changed from the start in the organization of the south; authorities at that point serving under the Japanese specialists stayed in their positions. The United States excused the Japanese senator general in September, however numerous Japanese authorities remained in office until 1946. Those choices irritated numerous Koreans† (Kim et al, p. 192). From the year 1948 until the start of the Korean War in 1950, North Korean military constantly started conflicts on the fringe. â€Å"On June 25, 1950, Kim Il-sung sprung his full military power, with the sponsorship of the Soviet Union, against the South† (Kwak and Joo, p. 118) to start the Cold War's most punctual battle. The United Nations, driven by the United States, quickly showed up for South Korea's security. The Soviet Union offers help the war secretly while Marxist China sent countless military for North Korea. The contention raged until July 27, 1953 when a harmony understanding presents a truce that is as yet legitimate today. Financially,

Free Essays on Dowry System

Share SYSTEM In today’s society our convictions are unique in relation to they were during the Elizabethan time. Today, individuals accept that we live in brilliant ages and were preferable of now over we ever were. There are numerous realities that could refute that conviction. Take for instance the endowment framework. It was intended to furnish the recently marries with security and fundamental needs. Today’s society and particularly western one would state that this framework was cold and belittling to ladies. I believe that there is not all that much and belittling about it, and I additionally know a lot of individuals who wished they had settlement framework before they got hitched. One of those individuals is my better half which I totally concur with since I recognize what we went through. In addition to the fact that we were living in an outside nation we were down and out and our folks didn’t bolster us. On all that we needed to get hitched with nothing else except for affection. I truly wish we had an endowment framework, what number of issues would have been illuminated and how much time would have been spared. In any case, hello everybody merits an exercise throughout everyday life and we took in our own. Love isn't sufficient to get hitched on. Love must be a piece of something greater to work in any case that affection will end. That’s why I feel that we as society ought to make an endowment framework so as to make our relationships work. We need something that will cut off the separation and secure the associations. I recommend that we make an obligatory law that says all individuals paying little mind to sex, race, or religion need to open an extraordinary record at age 14 and the record must be open for in any event 4 years. During those 4 years the state must take out 5 % of your check either yours or your folks/gatekeeper paying little mind to what sort of pay it is. You can’t contact the cash until you’re wedded and no exceptional conditions or uncommon treatment for anybody, and if neither you nor your folks have any salary you shouldn’t wed until you do. To be honest I can’t see w... Free Essays on Dowry System Free Essays on Dowry System Share SYSTEM In today’s society our convictions are unique in relation to they were during the Elizabethan period. Today, individuals accept that we live in brilliant ages and were preferable of now over we ever were. There are numerous realities that could refute that conviction. Take for instance the endowment framework. It was intended to give the recently marries security and essential needs. Today’s society and particularly western one would state that this framework was cold and disparaging to ladies. I imagine that there is not all that much and belittling about it, and I likewise know a lot of individuals who wished they had settlement framework before they got hitched. One of those individuals is my better half which I totally concur with since I recognize what we went through. In addition to the fact that we were living in a remote nation we were penniless and our folks didn’t bolster us. On all that we needed to get hitched with nothing else except for adoration. I genuinely wish we had a share framework, what number of issues would have been tackled and how much time would have been spared. Yet, hello everybody merits an exercise throughout everyday life and we took in our own. Love isn't sufficient to get hitched on. Love must be a piece of something greater to work in any case that adoration will end. That’s why I imagine that we as society ought to make a share framework so as to make our relationships work. We need something that will cut off the separation and secure the associations. I suggest that we make a required law that says all individuals paying little heed to sex, race, or religion need to open an uncommon record at age 14 and the record must be open for at any rate 4 years. During those 4 years the state must take out 5 % of your check either yours or your folks/gatekeeper paying little heed to what sort of pay it is. You can’t contact the cash until you’re wedded and no unique conditions or exceptional treatment for anybody, and if neither you nor your folks have any salary you shouldn’t wed until you do. To be honest I can’t see w...

The Future of Your Job Search Findings of Career Jam 2018

The Future of Your Job Search Findings of Career Jam 2018 What is Career Jam? Every year, I look forward to the Career Industry Trends released by the Career Thought Leaders Consortium. This week, the long-anticipated Findings of 2018 Career Jam: Where Experts Forecast the New the Next, was released! This report summarizes the findings of brainstorming sessions held on November 30, 2018 in the United States, Canada, Spain, Austria, and the United Kingdom. 2018 Career Jam participants brainstormed “best practices, innovations, trends, new programs, new processes, and other observations that are currently impacting or projected to impact, global employment, job search, and career management.” The sections that historically have most interested me in the report are “Career Marketing Messages Documents” and “Social Media Profiles…” which include resumes, cover letters, and LinkedIn profiles, as well as other career marketing communications. This year, the report is significantly shorter and more compact. The sections that most relate to resumes and LinkedIn profiles are “Artificial Intelligence (AI), Machine Learning Other Technology,” “Social Branding Sourcing,” and “Storytelling.” Here’s what the brainstormers have to say in these realms: Artificial Intelligence (AI), Machine Learning Other Technology Job seekers are becoming more aware of the role of technology in the hiring process. Everyone knows about ATS (Applicant Tracking Software) systems now, and they want keyword-optimized resumes. It’s likely that more platforms will emerge for job seekers to test keywords in resumes. One size resume does not fit all! Resumes must be adjusted for each application to improve keyword density and alignment to the specific target position. Issues of privacy and bias have arisen with the use of AI. These are starting to be addressed. Social Branding Sourcing Young professionals are ditching the resume! I don’t completely believe this, but certainly younger job seekers are making inroads toward applying to jobs solely through social media. In most cases, however, resumes are still requested. LinkedIn is King. Creating a strong presence on LinkedIn will increase your visibility and give you a leg up on the competition. The power of the platform simply can’t be ignored â€" even by older job seekers, who are increasingly embracing LinkedIn. I’m happy to report that the 14th  edition of How to Write a KILLER LinkedIn Profile is through the final editing stage and contains more robust information than ever on maximizing the power of LinkedIn! Watch out for announcements coming soon! LinkedIn keeps changing. What a headache! Thankfully, my new book addresses all the changes. LinkedIn is a prime place to nurture connections and network with alumni. Students especially are finding value in using alumni networks on LinkedIn. Not sure how to connect with alumni on LinkedIn? See my article, LinkedIn inMail Templates: Contacting Graduates of Your Alma Mater and check out the updated information in the 14th edition of KILLER! Facebook and Instagram are used by recruiters, but this is not resonating with job seekers in the US. Posts and interactions on social media are more important than ever. Computerized programs are scoring personality traits based on your activity on social media. So stay engaged in productive ways with relevant online content â€" especially on LinkedIn, where your search ranking is affected by your engagement [I added that last part]. Instagram is a good place to create a portfolio. Twitter is a good place to connect with influencers like journalists. Storytelling Online portfolios and personal websites are making a comeback. How interesting! Just yesterday, my self-publishing advisor was telling me he is creating a platform for job-seekers to post their resume to a personal website. Perhaps he’s caught a trend! Certainly, a website and online portfolio provide flexibility that a site like LinkedIn probably never will. By the same token, hard-copy portfolios will make you stand out and provide great interview material. Give the employer certificates, recommendations/testimonials, your most up-to-date resume, success stories, case studies, photos of projects, and other items that demonstrate your value, qualifications, and achievements. It’s more important than ever to communicate your story succinctly in your written documents. Attention spans aren’t getting any longer! So grab attention fast with a clear message. And remember, you need to engage humans while also keeping keywords in mind for the ATS systems. On the other hand, there’s a move away from the “elevator pitch.” People want to hear stories and to build relationships. Effective in-person networking is about more than a quick pitch. Be ready with stories for your interviews. Have an “arsenal” ready so you can pull the right one out of your hat. If you’ve done the right prep for your resume, these stories should be at your fingertips! “Grit” is prized. Grit and resilience are being valued more and more, so demonstrate yours! In Silicon Valley? Use slides. 10-slide “walking decks” are being used in place of resumes to provide a creative, holistic view of the candidate. Graphic design skills are required. Executive bios are subbing in for resumes for executives who are conducting a job search while employed. If you need a top-notch executive bio, please visit my Executive Bio Services page. To find out more trends, such as how age is being treated in the job market, the state of the gig economy, and how college degrees are being valued (or not), see the full white paper. To stay on top of the latest in job search documents and strategies, keep following The Executive Expert and The Essay Expert. What job search and employment trends do you want to know about? Please let us know and we’ll do our best to deliver! A version of this article also appears in Executive Secretary Magazine, a global training publication and must read for any administrative professional. You can get a 30% discount when you subscribe through us. Visit the website at executivesecretary.com to find out more or to get your 30% discount, email subscriptions@executivesecretary.com and tell them we sent you.

How Effectively Did the Social, Cultural, Historical,...

How is the material being researched and developed at significant stages during the process of creating drama? Our stimulus: Madness When we first got this stimulus, everyone focused on the common idea of madness as an illness and based at mental institutions, as madness is socially constructed and everyone differs to different people, we decided not to follow that path as there are many people who doesn’t fit the set meaning of insane but are still regarded as insane and this also made us question ‘who is insane/sane?’. Our initial ideas were developed through researches about madness. Firstly we agreed to base our play on personality disorder, that the main character would be someone with 5 different personalities and have each person†¦show more content†¦no regret (inside) smiling (outside). Firstly I reflected on his childhood this helped me get into character, I looked ahead and used that moment to physically get in role then I moved on to his time in the army, I did this by pretending he was wear his badges and looked down at it, in this moment I thought about his achievement in the army and how he became a dictator, I then sat down and reflected on his personal life, I looked at his dad’s picture and remember what his dad said that he should fight for what he believes in and that was what he did. He is happy and doesn’t feel any regrets because he accomplished his goal and whatever happens to him now won’t change that, when he was getting beaten up he was just smiling and was ready for anything. I found this scene more effective after changing it from him committing suicide, as it gave me time to reflect on the character rather than worrying about the most effect way for him to kill himself. How did you and your group explore the possibilities of structure and performance style? Our play uses variety of styles, mainly Brecht’s epic theatre as our play depicts political message. Our play is structured as montage as it shows different stages of George’s life in a non-chronological order, we effectively did thisShow MoreRelatedCommunication Studies Syllabus- Caribbean Students12029 Words   |  49 PagesJamaica, W.I. Telephone Number: (876) 630-5200 Facsimile Number: (876) 967-4972 E-mail address: cxcwzo@cxc.org Website: www.cxc.org Copyright  © 2010 by Caribbean Examinations Council The Garrison, St. Michael BB 14038 Barbados This document CXC A2/U1/10 replaces CXC A2/U1/03 issued in 2003. Please note that the syllabus has been revised and amendments are indicated by italics and vertical lines. 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If we persist in thinking that children need hope and happy endings then the stories we give them about the Holocaust will be shaped by those expectationsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ For there are those who would tell us yet another fairy tale, one in which the mass murder of millions of people did not happen I know that it did, and I know that we need to findRead MoreFashion Marketing17446 Words   |  70 PagesLONDON COLLEGE OF FASHION - Graduate Certificate in Fashion Marketing TERM UNIT ASSIGNMENT TITLE CREDIT RATING LEVEL STAFF RESPONSIBLE TIME FRAME Spring The Context of Fashion Essay Ten credits H3 Dr Wessie Ling Issue date: week commencing 13.03.06 Hand in to School Office (Room 322 Davies Street) no later than 12.00pm on Mon, 24 April 2006. Attn: to Dr Wessie Ling. Essay are bound, marked with students’ names, and all pages are numbered. 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Essay on Technology and The Correction Systems - 1562 Words

Technology has become the bedrock for different parts of the correction system. The main force of expenditures and study in the corrections field is for the use of monitoring offenders. Different technologies that allow for better control pf the offenders can save lives and help prevent new crimes from emerging. The point of these technologies is to reduce the chance of recidivism by deterring criminals from behaviors that they may commit if otherwise left to their own devices. â€Å"The role of staff in the correctional institutional environment will never be obsolete but the use of technology can enhance and enable staff to perform their jobs more efficiently and in a safer and more secure way.† (Mannix 2) There is also an increase use of†¦show more content†¦Global Positioning Anklets used in conjunction with other methods such as risk assessments and cognitive behavioral treatment. The use of these anklets acts more of a sanction against the offender and servers to improve cognitive behaviors so that they can become a functioning member of society. The use of these devices and other forms of electronic monitoring are currently a large part of probation. In 2004 over 20% of offenders on probation were on electronic monitoring. (Gable 1) That number has increased over the last ten years. Forms of electronic monitoring are now the go-to item as far as sanctions against offenders. When it comes to whether or not this form of electronic monitoring has positive outcomes one could search for these answers by understanding the statistics and different variables involved. Recidivism and other infractions in some cases can be deterred by the fact that to them there is always someone watching their movements. In some cases this measure does not prevent any more acts however in the cases that involve threats to victims the global position system bracelet can be used to notify police in the event an offender goes to close to that victim. The effectiveness of electronic monitoring programs would seemShow MoreRelatedEssay about Correctional System1469 Words   |  6 PagesThe U.S. correctional system has come under critical public scrutiny which has corrections administrators scrambling to find ways to run effective correctional facilities. The reality of corrections administration today is that it is changing. Major issues of this changing environment include ongoing b udget concerns, privatization, technology, overcrowding, program issues, personnel management, security issues, and legal issues. 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Education Programs for Gifted Students Free Essays

Started in the 1970’s, America’s Gifted Talented programs are used to enhance the curriculum of students included in either category in order to challenge and strengthen their unique abilities. These students are usually provided a separate class with specialized lessons in all areas and a teacher with a special degree in gifted education. I feel that it is important that the teacher was a gifted student who would know what the students must face as â€Å"above average† members of their school. We will write a custom essay sample on Education Programs for Gifted Students or any similar topic only for you Order Now The job market for gifted education offers a wide range of opportunity and gifted teachers are needed all over the country. One of the earliest programs for gifted and talented students was set up in 1974, at The Old Donation Center, in Virginia Beach. Students scoring within the top 3% of students on an assessment test are referred here to be further challenged. These students are considered gifted and have special teachers and classes to promote development of their talents and minds. Programs like this began to pop up around the nation in the 70’s; however, gifted students were looked down upon by teachers,parents, and peers. Many people considered them to be â€Å"freaks† because they were different. They didn’t understand the implications of the terms â€Å"gifted† and â€Å"talented†. Most people simply expected gifted students to act more mature or to be geniuses, even though gifted students are the same as other children in their needs as human beings. Some gifted students were forced to grow up too fast and some simply ignored the fact that they were smarter than others, thus, they were lost in the shuffle. The irony of it all is that gifted-ness seems to run in families and the children of these repressed gifted students are, themselves, gifted. But what exactly is a â€Å"gifted† student? Students (elementary secondary) are given a repertoire of tests. These tests check IQ, psychomotor ability, specific academic aptitude/talent, creative and productive thinking, leadership ability, and skills in the visual and performing arts. The main requirement, the IQ, is tested by a standardized IQ test (remember, however, that IQ tests are not always perfectly accurate). Ratings are given to each bracket of IQ scores: If a student receives a rating of â€Å"gifted† or higher (130+), he/she is considered to be a gifted student and is introduced into the designated programs. These students are given the opportunity to choose classes that are meant to teach them how to use their minds for critical thinking, reasoning, and artistic pursuits. Students in these classes are also exposed to culture, literature, and other subject areas that are not usually covered in what they term â€Å"normal classes†. The gifted classes are mainly in an open format allowing the student to create the parameters of his/her work and allowing them to be creative in their learning experience. Each class is presided-over by a teacher that has specialized degrees in gifted education. Almost every school in the United States has a need for a gifted class, making job opportunities endless; there are never enough. Gifted teachers must have both a degree in education (secondary or elementary) and a degree in special education (gifted). These teachers are individuals that must have stamina, people skills, and open minds. It is also important (to the students) that the teacher himself/herself was also classified as gifted. It sets a common bond, shows them that the teacher understands the problems they face as so-called â€Å"smart kids†. These students are often ridiculed by their peers and looked-down upon by their teachers. They are often separated from others their age by a barrier that can only be described as their â€Å"intelligence†. This is why, often, gifted teachers have degrees in administration, counseling, or psychology. All teachers that I interviewed told me that a continually upgraded education is a must (as are additional degrees). In order to keep up with the students one must attend seminars, workshops, special classes, etc. There is no end to the amount of education that could help you to understand gifted students and the role of their â€Å"teacher†. Also, if a teacher has extra educational qualifications, he/she could be asked to step up to the position of administrator or, more often, counselor. This means pay raises. Though the average salary for teachers is approximately $27,500 per year, it is â€Å"a worthwhile undertaking† according to Jane Mansueto, â€Å"It is incredible to work with gifted students. They are incredible! † She went on to remark that it is fascinating to imagine that they are of the same level of intelligence as the teacher and what they must be feeling inside. She feels that the students are not bothered by what their peers think, but actually tend to understand that other’s opinions mean little compared to their own. Mrs. Mansueto taught at Elm Grove Middle School for 5 years. She commented on her role as a gifted teacher to consist of â€Å"one part mentorship, one part hardship, and one part friendship†. When asked what kind of hours she keeps, she laughed and asked if she was supposed to have time off. According to Mrs. Mansueto, unlike a â€Å"normal† teacher, a gifted teacher has no books to go by or preset material to teach, or, for that matter, a preset subject to teach. They are given a blank page and, using input from students, must draw up lessons from every subject area and constantly challenge the inquisitive minds of the gifted. Jane Mansueto attended Trinity College where she majored in both elementary education and gifted education. Her favorite part of being a gifted teacher is being with the students, working hand in hand with them to plan and carry out projects and trips. Though the pay is average, and there is not much room to be promoted if you wish to remain in the classroom, gifted teaching has its personal rewards. Jeff Simpleton, a gifted teacher as well as a former gifted student, states, â€Å"I really think that by being gifted, I am in touch with what they have to go through. They know that I can understand. † Mr. Simpleton’s class consists of 6 high school students, who have many problems due to the intelligence barrier and a kind of isolation that has built up over the years between themselves and their classmates. They seem to feel that they have a reputation that they must live up to. The students try to please everyone†¦ hey push themselves with sheer motivation and determination and drive. Mr. Simpleton feels that this is â€Å"what makes them so great†. He feels hat anyone with a sense of adventure and a need for something new day after day would find teaching a gifted class to be the perfect job for them. Gifted teachers are important to the development of their students minds. They are understanding individuals who must work hard to make the curriculum interesting and challenging. With the proper education it is possible to go far as a teacher of the gifted. How to cite Education Programs for Gifted Students, Papers

Education Programs for Gifted Students Free Essays

Started in the 1970’s, America’s Gifted Talented programs are used to enhance the curriculum of students included in either category in order to challenge and strengthen their unique abilities. These students are usually provided a separate class with specialized lessons in all areas and a teacher with a special degree in gifted education. I feel that it is important that the teacher was a gifted student who would know what the students must face as â€Å"above average† members of their school. We will write a custom essay sample on Education Programs for Gifted Students or any similar topic only for you Order Now The job market for gifted education offers a wide range of opportunity and gifted teachers are needed all over the country. One of the earliest programs for gifted and talented students was set up in 1974, at The Old Donation Center, in Virginia Beach. Students scoring within the top 3% of students on an assessment test are referred here to be further challenged. These students are considered gifted and have special teachers and classes to promote development of their talents and minds. Programs like this began to pop up around the nation in the 70’s; however, gifted students were looked down upon by teachers,parents, and peers. Many people considered them to be â€Å"freaks† because they were different. They didn’t understand the implications of the terms â€Å"gifted† and â€Å"talented†. Most people simply expected gifted students to act more mature or to be geniuses, even though gifted students are the same as other children in their needs as human beings. Some gifted students were forced to grow up too fast and some simply ignored the fact that they were smarter than others, thus, they were lost in the shuffle. The irony of it all is that gifted-ness seems to run in families and the children of these repressed gifted students are, themselves, gifted. But what exactly is a â€Å"gifted† student? Students (elementary secondary) are given a repertoire of tests. These tests check IQ, psychomotor ability, specific academic aptitude/talent, creative and productive thinking, leadership ability, and skills in the visual and performing arts. The main requirement, the IQ, is tested by a standardized IQ test (remember, however, that IQ tests are not always perfectly accurate). Ratings are given to each bracket of IQ scores: If a student receives a rating of â€Å"gifted† or higher (130+), he/she is considered to be a gifted student and is introduced into the designated programs. These students are given the opportunity to choose classes that are meant to teach them how to use their minds for critical thinking, reasoning, and artistic pursuits. Students in these classes are also exposed to culture, literature, and other subject areas that are not usually covered in what they term â€Å"normal classes†. The gifted classes are mainly in an open format allowing the student to create the parameters of his/her work and allowing them to be creative in their learning experience. Each class is presided-over by a teacher that has specialized degrees in gifted education. Almost every school in the United States has a need for a gifted class, making job opportunities endless; there are never enough. Gifted teachers must have both a degree in education (secondary or elementary) and a degree in special education (gifted). These teachers are individuals that must have stamina, people skills, and open minds. It is also important (to the students) that the teacher himself/herself was also classified as gifted. It sets a common bond, shows them that the teacher understands the problems they face as so-called â€Å"smart kids†. These students are often ridiculed by their peers and looked-down upon by their teachers. They are often separated from others their age by a barrier that can only be described as their â€Å"intelligence†. This is why, often, gifted teachers have degrees in administration, counseling, or psychology. All teachers that I interviewed told me that a continually upgraded education is a must (as are additional degrees). In order to keep up with the students one must attend seminars, workshops, special classes, etc. There is no end to the amount of education that could help you to understand gifted students and the role of their â€Å"teacher†. Also, if a teacher has extra educational qualifications, he/she could be asked to step up to the position of administrator or, more often, counselor. This means pay raises. Though the average salary for teachers is approximately $27,500 per year, it is â€Å"a worthwhile undertaking† according to Jane Mansueto, â€Å"It is incredible to work with gifted students. They are incredible! † She went on to remark that it is fascinating to imagine that they are of the same level of intelligence as the teacher and what they must be feeling inside. She feels that the students are not bothered by what their peers think, but actually tend to understand that other’s opinions mean little compared to their own. Mrs. Mansueto taught at Elm Grove Middle School for 5 years. She commented on her role as a gifted teacher to consist of â€Å"one part mentorship, one part hardship, and one part friendship†. When asked what kind of hours she keeps, she laughed and asked if she was supposed to have time off. According to Mrs. Mansueto, unlike a â€Å"normal† teacher, a gifted teacher has no books to go by or preset material to teach, or, for that matter, a preset subject to teach. They are given a blank page and, using input from students, must draw up lessons from every subject area and constantly challenge the inquisitive minds of the gifted. Jane Mansueto attended Trinity College where she majored in both elementary education and gifted education. Her favorite part of being a gifted teacher is being with the students, working hand in hand with them to plan and carry out projects and trips. Though the pay is average, and there is not much room to be promoted if you wish to remain in the classroom, gifted teaching has its personal rewards. Jeff Simpleton, a gifted teacher as well as a former gifted student, states, â€Å"I really think that by being gifted, I am in touch with what they have to go through. They know that I can understand. † Mr. Simpleton’s class consists of 6 high school students, who have many problems due to the intelligence barrier and a kind of isolation that has built up over the years between themselves and their classmates. They seem to feel that they have a reputation that they must live up to. The students try to please everyone†¦ hey push themselves with sheer motivation and determination and drive. Mr. Simpleton feels that this is â€Å"what makes them so great†. He feels hat anyone with a sense of adventure and a need for something new day after day would find teaching a gifted class to be the perfect job for them. Gifted teachers are important to the development of their students minds. They are understanding individuals who must work hard to make the curriculum interesting and challenging. With the proper education it is possible to go far as a teacher of the gifted. How to cite Education Programs for Gifted Students, Papers

Teilhard De Chardin Essays - Cosmologists, , Term Papers

Teilhard De Chardin "Before the world was made, he chose us, chose us in Christ, to be holy and spotless, and to live through love in his presence, determining that we should become his adopted sons, through Jesus Christ." (Eph. I, 4-5). These powerful words of St. Paul in his first letter to the Ephesians, I think, best characterize the spirit of Teilhard the Chardin, his idea of man and man's place in the universe, and of the common goals of humanity. Just imagine somebody... Somebody, whose whole life was a continuous prayer to God, a prayer, in which he constantly asked to break through the seal of traditional authority and common ignorance, and explore the depth of reality, the ultimate beginning and the ultimate end, and the reasons behind the emergence of life and conscious beings in the universe. Of course, that means that your books are put on the Index and you are almost made into a heretic by the True and Holy Catholic Church. But he didn't give up. He clearly saw his goals, his purpose. It was his life's work, to trace back the origins of mankind, and to speculate of its goals and ultimate outcome. It was his type of spirituality, scientific spirituality, that drove him incessantly to spend sleepless nights trying to make sense out of scientific facts, to tie them together with what seemed apparent, and with that which didn't seem so apparent. And the best he came up with was a simple statement, "We Are All One." Life is eternal, love is immortal, and death is but a horizon. Life Is, he would say if someone would have asked him, what is life? Life Is, and ever was, and forever will be - world without end. Composite matter dies and falls apart, but spirit remains. And with it - that indelible part of it, the nuclei of personality, the individual particles which have been with us from the very beginning, which grow and evolve with us, and which strive towards common union into a whole, with God as the center... In my paper, I will discuss Pierre Teilhard de Chardin's idea of man's place in the universe, as presented in a variety of his works. I will be using mostly primary sources for my research, as well as talks delivered at the Centennial Teilhard de Chardin Symposium at Georgetown University, and books written by Teilhard's friends or contemporaries. In most of his works, Teilhard establishes a link between anthropology and metaphysics, between science and religion. They are an attempt to understand the universe through man, who is very much part of it. In them, we can see Teilhard's vision of harmony of duality of the universe, which is composed of matter and spirit. Union of matter and mind, of the cosmos and the spirit of the universe, and the evolving of one into the other is one of the main ideas behind all of Teilhard's works. He tries to prove that life didn't emerge by accident, but was a product of evolution. And man has his own place in the evolution of the universe. First of all, universe is not static. That is, there is no permanence in it. Everything is in the constant process of change, and a particular kind of change - evolution. How did man come to be, asks de Chardin. And the only plausible conclusion he can make is, that human being is a link in a chain of evolution. What was before man? And how does God fit into the whole picture? Let us follow Teilhard in his understanding of the universe through ourselves, human beings. Has there always been conscious life in our universe? No, would be Teilhard's answer. Emergence of consciousness was indeed a breakthrough in the evolution of the world. But what kind of a breakthrough? What is the primordial element that gave rise to life in the universe? What is it composed of? As a Catholic priest, he should say, "well, the universe was created by God out of nothing in six days, and culminated in the creation of man out of earth." And this Old Testament myth, however surprising it may sound, is very close to what Teilhard does say in his essays. "Stuff of the Universe" is the name he gives to that primordial element, out of which the cosmos has been created, and which is the underlying ground for the evolution of the cosmos to bring forth consciousness, a thinking being. Out of the stuff

Market for Coca cola company and its competitors Research Paper Example

Market for Coca cola company and its competitors Research Paper Example Market for Coca cola company and its competitors Paper Market for Coca cola company and its competitors Paper Essay Topic: Marketing Coca cola is one of the worlds leading manufacturer, marketer, and distributor of nonalcoholic beverage concentrates and syrups. This summary provides the overview of the content involved. Pepsi is the major competitor to Coca cola Company in the global market and we are all aware about the global cola wars between coca cola and PepsiCo which has become decidedly one sided. Coca cola outsells Pepsi 3:1 around over the world market. Pepsi was crushed many a times in the international market due to the Coca colas in-depth knowledge of marketing strategies and local community. The company spends nearly around 60% of its budget on the advertising projects. The popularity of coca cola can be summarized from the following facts: (1) During the year 1944-45 people addressed coke instead of coca cola, this revolution forced the company to introduce coca cola in the coke version and eventually it was a great success. (2) If all the coca cola ever produced were flowing over Niagara Falls at its normal rate of 1.5 million gallons per second instead of water, the falls would flow for 38 hours and 46 minutes. (3) Coca colas trademark was recognized by 94% of the worlds population and that is the word after OK. Coca colas better understanding of the local communities and the market makes the company to remain in the top position in the global market for soft drinks. Coca colas readiness to spend heavily on the marketing effort also helps the company compete and win over the market of soft drinks world wide. Coca cola boasts four of the worlds five leading soft drink brands coca cola, diet coke, sprite and fanta. Besides this coca cola participate and sponsors different types of events as a part of its strategies. As a part of greening of management it takes care of peoples health by having non-alcoholic soft drinks for example caffeine free coke and diet coke. Introduction: Coca cola was invented as a soft drink way back in 1886 by Dr. John Styth Pemberton, a pharmacist, in Atlanta, Georgia, USA. It was registered as a trademark in the year 1887. Since its commencement coca cola is being written in a Spenserians script on all of its products. Since then it produces more than 400 branded soft beverages and operates in over 200 countries around the world with its headquarter in Atlanta. Apart from branded beverages coca cola used its world famous brand name coca cola for 800 registered items such as toys, electronic games etc. These types of marketing strategies were by the company and eventually helped in the increase of the companys revenue. Coca cola believes that the heart and soul of their enterprise has always been the people or customers. It used excellent marketing strategies worldwide and became top in soft drink and beverages industry, sharing mostly half out of one in soft drink consumption around the global thirsty market. It properly understood the needs, wants and demands of the global people and framed its product to satisfy them and is almost a successful runner till date too. It is said that if the coca colas entire produced products were poured in to the famous contour bottles and placed end to end they would stretch to the moon and back 1045 times. The following are the other famous brand of coca cola other than its main brand. * Coke Diet coke * Fanta Diet fanta * Sprite Diet sprite * Caffeine Caffeine coke and diet coke * Lift Diet lift * Sprite ice (mint flavored soft drink) Coca colas focus on brand management, worldwide coverage and intense distribution and advertising makes it the worlds most leading and profitable soft drink company. (www.cocacola.com). The Needs, Wants and Demands: In order to understand the above topic it is very necessary to know and understand what is marketing? Marketing is a social and managerial process by which individual and groups obtain what they need and want through creating and exchanging product and value with others. (Kotler, Brown, Adam and Armstrong 2001). In short marketing is the delivering of customer value and satisfaction at a profit. It doesnt come into count that whether it is a profit or non profit organization marketing used everywhere. Coca Cola Company has got one of the largest, best-managed and exclusive marketing research operation units in USA, which really makes it the best marketer in beverages industry. * Definition of needs: According to Kotler and Armstrong (2001) 9th edition The most basic concept underlying marketing is that of human needs. They are very much complex in nature. These human needs are states of deprivation which include physical needs, social needs and individual needs. These needs were not invented by the marketers but are the basic part of human makeup. * Definition of wants: Wants are the form human needs take as they are shaped by the culture and individual personality Kotler-Armstrong 2001. These are shaped by ones society and are described in terms of objects that satisfy needs. For example a hungry person in Australia, Hong Kong or Singapore might want a hamburger, chips or coca cola. Where as a person in India might want mangoes, veg.burger and water. As people are getting exposed to more objects that arouse their interest and desire, the producers try to provide more want-satisfying products and services. For example with success of coca cola the producer expanded its brand and at present coca cola got more than 400 beverages product in the market. (Philip Kotler, 2001). * Definition of demand: The people have almost unlimited want but limited resources. The wants when backed by buying power, wants become demands. Consumer view product as bundles of benefits and choose product that give them the best bundle for their money. Given their wants and resources, people demand products with the benefits that add up to the most satisfaction. The demand depends on people to people with their affordability and desire or status. (Philip Kotler, 2001). Definition of Product: Product is a bundle of tangible and intangible attributes that a seller offers to the potential buyer and that satisfies they buyers needs or wants. (McColl-Kennedy, 1994). Any thing that can be offered to a market for attention, acquisition, use or consumption to satisfy a want or need is a product. It includes physical objects services, persons, places organization and ideas. (Philip Kotler, 2001). Coca Cola Company produced consumer-oriented products. Coca Cola Company got the coca cola or coke soft drink, which is recognized worldwide. It got various beverages product ranging around 400 units. Its four products rank top among five viz coca cola, coke, diet coke, fanta and sprite. The four marketing Ps viz product, price, promotion and place have been utilized by the company for its branded products. There are three level of product, which can be best described from the following diagram given below: * Core product: Here the core product is coca cola and its other brand is which quenches thirst of human being. At present Coca Cola Company has got around 800 branded products other than beverages which are also satisfying different type of customer viz toys for children, trendy clothes for young generation etc. * Actual product: The Company got its brand name which is recognized world wide viz coca cola brand name is being recognized by 94% of the worlds population and that is word after OK. The qualities of the products are unmatchable and unquestionable. It maintains its matchless quality since its inception and the result is that it is the best in soft drink industries. * Augmented product: It includes giving dealership in local area, providing with fridge to the dealer and following up the after sales service and value added services. (Philip Kotler, 2001). * Operations review of the company For the 6 months ended 30/06/03, revenues increased 8% to $10.19 billion. Net income before accounting change increased 12% to $2.20 billion. Revenues reflect an increase in gallon shipments. Net income also reflects the inclusion of a $52 million litigation settlement (Coca Cola Company, 2003). The market of the Coca-Cola Company is virtually almost all over the world. The Company market can be divided into continents because thats where the company operates (The market is analysed on the basis of worldwide unit case volume by operating segment). Out of its 100% market, the highest market is in North America which 30%. The second highest market is in Latin America which is 24%. Third is Europe, Eurasia and Middle East which stands on 22%. Fourth is Asia which occupies 18% and last but not least Africa %. Market for Coca Cola Company: Coca Cola Company manufactures and sells/promote soft drinks and beverages so it has wide variety of market available to it. The following three markets can be best applied to the Coca Cola Company. * Mass market: In mass market the seller mass-produces, mass distributes and mass promotes one product to all buyers. At one time coca cola produced only one drink for the whole market, hoping it would appeal to everyone. Lowest costs, lowest price and large potential market are the main characteristic of mass market. * Product variety market: In product variety market seller produces more than one product that have different features, styles, quality, sizes and so on. In this case coca cola produced several soft drink packaged in different sizes and containers. They were designed for variety of buyers as the taste of buyers changes over time. * Target market: Here the company identifies market segments and selects one or more of them and develops products and marketing mixes tailored to each for example coca cola produced soft drinks for the sugared-cola segment, the diet segment (diet coke and coke light) the no caffeine segment and the non coke segment (sprite and lift). Market competition/ competitors of coca cola: Coca Cola Company uses Market Leaders Strategies to meet with its competitors and succeeded so far in it. As we all know that in the world of soft drinks and beverages coca cola enjoys the top position around the world, but like other companies it also faces stiff competition in the market. Its major competitors are PepsiCo, seven up, Dr. Pepper and new entrants are general foods and Nestle. But there is a major competition between coca cola and PepsiCo. This war is often known as cola war. Threat of substitutes. * The nature and level of competition: It would seem to be a simple task for a company to identify its competitors but coca cola knows that PepsiCo is its major competitor but the range of a companys actual and potential competitors is actually much broader. There is a cutthroat competition between the two. This competition is spread over regional, national and international level. But coca colas focus on brand management, worldwide coverage and intensive distribution and advertising its product nationally and internationally makes it the leading and most profitable soft drink company in the world. The coca cola company enjoys 3:1 ratio in the world market in soft drink industry. Other way round PepsiCo having recognized the potential soft drink market round the world started deadly marketing and gaining bit of popularity in country like India and Indonesia. The completion has reached to its culmination. For example if coca cola hire famous Indian cricketer Sachin tendulkar for its advertisement, the Pepsi will do the sam e by hiring Steve Waugh, the great Australian cricketer. In the early eighties Pepsi differentiated itself purely on price by giving slogan Twice as much for a nickel too and the resulting strategy was The Pepsi challenge. Along this Pepsi developed a more market-oriented perspective. It was the first to offer new sizes and packages. At that time coca cola was bit distributed and with its excellent marketing strategies strike back with full force and there emerged a diet coke from coca cola. * Competition on the basis of promotion: Both the companies are spending more and more in advertising their product. It is estimated that they spent nearly 60% of their budget on advertising. The annual spending on advertisements by the two companies is equal to one-day bread meal for the population of country like India. Both the company sponsors different events for example coca cola is with Olympic, Pepsi is official sponsor of Indian cricket team, coca cola participate in sprite street act in Australia, Pepsi participate in aids day and the list is end less. Both of them officially hire top players from different games. As a part of competition coca cola and Pepsi both gives wide variety schemes to their distributors world wide for example: refrigerators are being given to their distributors, tickets of different events and many more.

How to Become a Phlebotomist

How to Become a Phlebotomist Phlebotomists are allied health professionals who bravely do something that makes even the toughest among us squirm sometimes: taking blood. Not for the faint of heart (or, more specifically, those who faint at the sight of blood), phlebotomists play an essential role in testing, diagnosing, and treating patients. The Day-to-DayPhlebotomists work in a variety of different clinical settings: hospitals, private clinics, laboratories, community health centers, blood donation centers, nursing homes, and private care facilities. They are responsible for sterilizing and preparing all of the equipment used for drawing blood, and for the actual blood-drawing itself. And taking blood is their primary task, many phlebotomists also process other bodily samples for testing.Attention to detail is key- everything needs to be labeled correctly, and kept free of any kind of contamination. Phlebotomists are also responsible for their own safety, and protecting themselves and other patients from infec tions spread via blood, such as HIV or hepatitis. Phlebotomists also have the added challenge of working with some patients who are afraid of needles, so a good bedside manner (not to mention strategies for distracting uneasy patients from the needle stick) comes in handy, as well.Phlebotomists’ shifts vary depending on where they work, and may include unorthodox weekend or holiday hours.For more on what it’s like to be a phlebotomist, check out these videos:What’s It Like to Work as a Phlebotomist?My Job: PhlebotomistTo become a phlebotomist, you’ll need to complete at least a high school degree and a phlebotomy-specific training program from a community college or vocational school. Most employers also require that their phlebotomists pass the national certification exam. Some states also require that phlebotomists be licensed, so be sure to check your own state’s requirements. For more on the phlebotomist exam and certification process, visit th e National Phlebotomy Association.The PayPer the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), phlebotomists earn a median salary of $30,670 per year, or $14.74 per hour.The OutlookLike many allied health career paths, phlebotomy is growing: the BLS expects it to grow by a healthy 25% by 2024. If you have the nerves of steel to wield a needle with confidence, it could be a great career path for you.

How Virgin Atlantic Advertise itself in the UK and Los Angeles Essay

How Virgin Atlantic Advertise itself in the UK and Los Angeles - Essay Example For a large and successful organization like Virgin Atlantic, the company uses various modes of advertising depending on the location or place where it tries to target. The type of advertisements or promotional strategies used depends on the consideration of the cultural barriers, language, attitudes of people towards such factors like advertising, advertising regulations and media infrastructures. In Los Angeles, Virgin Atlantic mainly advertises through the radio, print advertisements and publications. The following figure shows some of the print advertisements used in USA by the company. Figure 1: Print Advertisements in USA (Source: Virgin Atlantic, â€Å"Print Advertisements†) The company has recently launched its second phase of its global advertising campaign in Los Angeles. This has been titled as ‘Get Local’. This campaign targeted the ‘out of home’ advertisements which included bill boards, train shelters, buses, etc that runs in the top gat eways in the US. This primary includes Los Angeles along with New York, Washington D C, San Francisco and Boston. This is a perfect picture of an adaptation strategy by the company as it not only highlights particular aspects of the upper classes flying experiences but also tailored to present certain nuances that resonate in the city in which they appear. The following is an example of an advertisement of Virgin Atlantic in Los Angeles. Figure 2: Example of advertisement of Virgin Atlantic in Los Angeles (Source: Virgin Atlantic-b, â€Å"GET LOCAL CAMPAIGN†) Following is an example of an advertisement used by Virgin Atlantic in UK. Figure 3: Print Advertisement in UK (Source: Virgin Atlantic-a, â€Å"UK Advertisements†) In 2003, Virgin Atlantic used e-mail marketing for the creation of a new standard of upper class air travel which had lie-down beds along with personal services in the upper class cabins. E-mail alerts were sent to the air travellers having a hypertext which directed them to the website of Virgin Atlantic. Under this system customers were able to take a complete look at the cabins which were introduced, the ticket options available and the check routes also. The idea was to attract the upper classes of passengers to pay for the premium prices by the exclusivity and comfort that the new cabins provided. Virgin Atlantics’ integrated communication schemes used membership schemes with benefits that enhanced the name of the brand considerably and helped in increasing the happiness and satisfaction of the customers also (Hackley, p.128). There are certain standardized marketing elements used by the airline for all places. These global marketing elements include its logo, brand value and distinctive airplanes. The brand value of the airline as â€Å"caring, honest, value, fun, innovative†, is found in all its communication and strategies. However, certain adaptive formats are evident in its accompanying international adver tisements where it tries to translate its brand themes in certain culturally specific ways and at the same time tries to retain its international image. For example, it tries to draw passengers from Los Angeles through its bright, luxurious and

Healthcare Information Systems - Hardware and Software Essay - 1

Healthcare Information Systems - Hardware and Software - Essay Example Moreover, patients also have to be physically available at the time of inspection that may be a daunting task for old and weak patients. However, if the disease is diagnosed at the early stages, life of a patient can be saved. Hence, if the same tasks can be performed by incorporating clinical information systems, the quality of curing diseases will improve significantly. Clinical information systems adds value to clinical practices and provide advantages that may also contribute significant factors affecting on a life of a patient. The factors are demonstrated below: Clinical Information Systems provides health care with quality and value Clinical Information Systems eliminates clinical or medical errors Clinical Information Systems eliminates cost associated with health care procedures Clinical Information Systems improves the productivity of administrative staff of hospitals. Clinical Information Systems decreases paperwork and can be accessible via Internet to anywhere on the pla net. Moreover, the cost related to health care is also an emerging problem (Demographics of aging, n.d). For instance, expenditures in the United States will grow to 15.9% for the health care from the GDP of $2.6 trillion by 2010 (Keynote, n.d). The leadership of a global economy has a caterpillar approach, to address the computerized health care systems. Increment is observed over recent years and some steps are taken for the resolution of these issues. Various computerized applications are developed to improving clinical practices in an organization or hospitals. In an organization, computerized clinical practices are vital to handle the clinical procedures on a daily basis in healthcare organizations. These clinical procedures are utilized to promote productivity of an organization equipped with computerized healthcare systems. Moreover, the contribution of a healthcare system is applied, to utilizing resources and modifying activities of the clinical staff by best practice guide lines. Currently, there are complex diagnostic tools for processing medical records, laboratory reports, various forms are available in print form, and there is a requirement of exchanging information between the clinical staff. This is where the role of clinical information systems makes their presence. Electronic Medical/Health Records, Tele consultation and continual medical education are contributing to the healthcare industry. EHR is defined as â€Å"The Electronic Health Record (EHR) is a longitudinal electronic record of patient health information generated by one or more encounters in any care delivery setting. Included in this information are patient demographics, progress notes, problems, medications, vital signs, past medical history, immunizations, laboratory data and radiology reports† (HIMSS - electronic health record (EHR), n.d). The electronic health and medical records maintain health data of a patient to create an individual set of medical data. The data is maintained in an independent set because healthcare provides gain access of EMR from anywhere to diagnose a patient based on the patient’s health information. Moreover, EMR also facilitates to establish a personalized health plan for a patient. Moreover, EMR improves the health planning and policies at the national level by demonstrating the information and services of people or individuals. In addition, EMR system also facilitates clinical procedures, which are mentioned below: Heath insurance companies access EMR

Marketing Strategies Of Reva Marketing Essay

Marketing Strategies Of Reva Marketing Essay The positioning statement will change accordingly. The target market is first identified by doing segmentation. Then not only in one or two cities but a gamut of cities across the whole of India are targeted. This is done by collaborating with the dealers across cities. The partnership with Mahindra Automotive Group will come in handy at this juncture, not only by leveraging the established trusted dealership network of Mahindra Automotive group, but also with the help of fresh infusion of funds in this cash strapped venture. Appropriate positioning the product across these cities can potentially maximize sales. In this marketing strategy, we shall also take into account the customer inertia that the car will face, not only because it is the first of its kind but also because it would be difficult to get people to change their style of driving from petrol cars to electric cars. In the current national scenario anybody who is buying a car has two things in their mind, fuel prices and manoeuvrability. On a bigger sense carbon foot print they leave behind is also a concern. This is where REVA fits in. At 40 paisa/km it is far cheaper than any gasoline vehicle and they leave no carbon foot print. Electric and hybrid cars are the cars of the future. In a growing economy like India where purchasing power of people increases and awareness of going green is increasing a car like REVA as huge market. REVA is doing extremely well in UK and other European countries but its market performance is below expectation in India. This is mainly because of wrong segmentation, positioning and the prevailing image of car among public. It is one of the least advertised automobile in India. In current light of REVA being taken over by Mahindra Mahindra, we expect there will be a huge shift in the strategic positioning and making the brand REVA. This is where our brand choice beco mes relevant. In this project we are trying to come with a proper STP analysis and a market plan to make REVA a mass brand in India. This is the same path on which Indias biggest corporate house MM is also working. MM vision is to make REVA a mass brand and position it as an affordable vehicle. The rationale behind choosing REVA is it is very much industry relevant and it is more or less a live project. The REVA Electric Car Company (RECC) was incorporated in 1995 as a joint venture between the Bangalore based Maini Group and AEVT Inc. of Irvindale, California, to manufacture eco-friendly, cost-effective electric vehicles for city mobility. The RECC is located at the Bommasandra Industrial Area, Bangalore. The company has an installed capacity of 5000 units and employees over 180 people. An advanced flexible assembly line production technology ensures high productivity at lower breakeven volumes. The Research and Development unit has DSRI recognition for further indigenization and development of next generation electric vehicles. With Mahindra Group taking controlling stake in the company, the completion of new plant and fresh fund infusion would accelerate the development pace of world class electric vehicles. Customer The lack of print and TV advertisements have left the company rely on early adopter reviews and word of mouth marketing. The news in media is also another form of exposure which the company relies upon in reaching to the customers. The dismal sales of REVA show that the customer is not well informed to be coerced into the buying decision. The gender profile of the customers shows that 49% of current customers are women in urban centres. The demographic profiling provides no specific bias of any particular age group customers. The elderly has adopted the car due to the ease of driving to a large extent. The customers look at it as a second car rather than a primary car. Collaborator The controlling stake holding by Mahindra Group has given a new direction to the vision of RECC. The plan for small batch production schedules in collaboration with suppliers will have a cascading effect in the fortunes of company. The most important factor in the tie-up would be the showrooms and dealerships of Mahindra which can be accessed by REVA. This is instrumental in getting the relevant exposure in the absence of significant advertising campaigns. The internal RD activities will get a boost with the establishment of a joint-venture by Mahindra and Nissan. Competition Currently there are no direct competitors for REVA in the electric vehicle segment. Players like Bajaj, Renault, and Toyota are planning to rollout electric cars in India. Comparing with other fuel based vehicles, Tata Nano and Maruti Alto can be considered as competitors in price bands. The prospective competitors, both domestic and foreign are given below. Domestic players AJANTA GROUP The Morbi-based world famous clock-maker Ajanta group is the new entrant in the small car sector. The company is planning to manufacture an electric car at its Samkhiyali unit in Kutch district and market it at a price lower than Rs 1-lakh Nano. The company is already into manufacturing electric scooters and bikes under the name Oreva. The technology is almost similar and a major per cent of its parts can be produced in-house, which will give them an edge over the vehicles pricing. TATA Tata Companys chairman, Ratan Tata, has, on two occasions talked about his companys plans to develop an electric car. At the companys annual meeting last year, he said that they were developing an electric car. In June 2009, at the Cornell Global Forum on Sustainable Global Enterprise, Tata suggested that his companys electric car would be in the market by fall of 2009. Tatas distribution network would give its electric car an immediate advantage. Mahindra Mahindra is planning a four-seater electric car in 2010. Tara Tiny, an Electric Vehicle from Indias Tara International and Chinas Aucma, plans to retail at Rs. 99,000 -which is lower than even Tata Nano. Foreign players VOLKSWAGEN Europes largest car manufacturer Volkswagen, is all set to launch the electric version of Volkswagen Polo. The Volkswagen Polo is the most successful hatchback car in Europe and Volkswagen recently launched its Indian Version. Volkswagen is all set to capture the market segment by launching not only Electric Polo, but a whole new range of electric cars. The German car maker is following a planned and meticulous strategy in India. They will be launching E-Golf sometime in 2013, which will then be followed by the launch of E-Jetta. Volkswagen also announced that the company has plans of launching an electric vehicle which is affordable for users from various segments. The key to an efficient electric car is a strong Lithium-ion battery, for which VW has collaborated with Japanese companies such as Toshiba Sanyo. VW is also planning an LPG launch of its Polo which will have a 1.4 Litre engine and will run on both petrol and LPG. Currently the Polo petrol version costs around Rs.5 lakh to 7 lakhs. However we can expect the electric cars from Volkswagen to be priced competitively. RENAULT Renault already has an impressive lineup of existing Electric Vehicles, EVs selling in many countries, These EVs include Kangoo (goods moving vehicle), Zoe (mid-sized sedan) and Twizy (two-seater concept car) which was also displayed at the Auto Expo 2010 at Delhi, India in January 2010. French auto major Renault is also looking at launching zero-emission electric vehicles in India by the middle of the decade. The company also plans to manufacture up to 500,000 units of electric vehicles (EV) globally by 2014. The company will first bring cars to India. These will be completely built units (CBU) but may look at local assembly of manufacturing later.The company plans to introduce the car in the European market post 2012.All these Renault models will use lithium ion batteries. While Twizy has a single charge mileage of 100 kilometres, Fluence and Kangoo will run up to 140-160 kilometres in a single charge. They are in discussions with the Delhi state government to finalize all details regarding special incentives for EVs, like tax benefits. The company is looking for tie-ups with local electricity authorities in India.

Customer’s Adoption of Mobile-Commerce a Study on Emerging Economy

International Journal of e-Education, e-Business, e-Management and e-Learning, Vol. 1, No. 3, August 2011 Customer’s Adoption of Mobile-Commerce A Study on Emerging Economy Rahmath Safeena, Nisar Hundewale, and Abdullah Kamani Abstract—Today, mobile communication technologies provide immense additional scope for consumers’ banking transactions due to their always-on functionality and the option to access bank’s facilities anytime and anywhere. Mobile banking is a subset of electronic banking which underlies not only the determinants of the banking business but also the special conditions of mobile commerce.It is the latest and most innovative service offered by the banks. But not enough study has been done to known regarding how customers perceive and evaluate electronically delivered mobile banking services. The study considers five factors perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, subjective norm, consumer awareness about mobile banking and perceived risks associated with mobile banking. This study also points out that these factors have a strong and positive effect on customers to accept mobile banking system. Index Terms—m-commerce, mobile banking; perceived usefulness, ease of use, risk, awareness, subjective norm.I. INTRODUCTION The proliferation of, and rapid advances in, technology-based systems, especially those related to the internet, are leading to fundamental changes in how companies interact with customers [1-3]. Mobile phone usage has spread in a very broad manner both in developing and developed countries. With mobile communications already as a prime case for leapfrogging traditional infrastructure, mobile banking (M-Banking) has great potential for extending the provision of financial services to unbanked people through a technology that is both familiar and widespread.One of the first commercial applications of the mobile commerce was mobile banking (m-banking) [4], [5]. The rapid growth of mobile applica tions has given rise to a new term: m-commerce. M-commerce is defined as the application of wireless communications networks and devices to the execution of transactions with monetary value – either direct or indirect [6]. As the number of mobile phone users is growing, purchasing products and services using mobile phones and other mobile devices are also increasing; also the use of Mobile Banking is still in initial stages and more research in this field is needed [7].Internet banking and mobile banking (m-banking) has become the self-service delivery channel that allows banks to provide information and offer services to their customers with more convenience via the web services technology. A key component of many initiatives is the implementation of Customer Relationship Management (CRM) software [8]. Many companies in the financial services sector have been quick to implement Internet capabilities, and electronic service is becoming a viable option for interaction between financial service providers and their customers [9].Customer satisfaction and customer retention are increasingly developing into key success factors in e-banking [2]. Technology, in particular, has been increasingly employed in service organizations to enhance customer service quality and delivery, reduce costs, and standardize core service offerings [1], [9-11]. Mobile banking service allows customers to manage their accounts with ease. Mols et al. , [12] stated that the diffusion of electronic banking is more determined by customer acceptance than by seller offerings.Not enough is known regarding how customers perceive and evaluate electronically delivered services. Lee and Lin [10] have also recently highlighted the need for further research to measure the influence of e-service on customer-perceived service quality and satisfaction [1]. This study considers the five factors perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, subjective norm, consumer awareness about mobile banking and perceived risks associated with mobile banking. Half of the people that have tried mobile banking services will not become active users.Highly publicized cases involving major security failures might have contributed to the public’s concern and lack of acceptance of mobile banking. The present study aims at examining the impact of perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, subjective norm, and consumer awareness on mobile banking and perceived risk on the acceptance of mobile banking by the consumers. II. MOBILE BANKING With mobile commerce or m-commerce technology, consumers can use mobile phones, Personal Digital Assistant (PDA) and laptop computers to access the internet, send and receive messages and make transactions at ny time from any places without having tied to a particular location [13]. Mobile banking is a subset of electronic banking which underlies not only the determinants of the banking business but also the special conditions of mobile commerce. Mobile Ban king has been gaining increasing popularity amongst various sections of the society for past few years, having recovered from the shock of the dot-com burst [14]. Mobile Banking refers to provision and availment of banking- and financial services with the help of mobile telecommunication devices.The scope of offered services may include facilities 228 Manuscript received July 12; revised July 25, 2011. Rahmath Safeena, Nisar Hundewale, Abdullah Kamani, are College of Computers and Information Technology, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia (e-mail:safi. [email  protected] com,e-mail:n. [email  protected] edu. sa,e-mail:abd ullah. [email  protected] edu. sa) International Journal of e-Education, e-Business, e-Management and e-Learning, Vol. 1, No. 3, August 2011 to conduct bank and stock market transactions, to administer accounts and to access customized information [15].With mobile technology, banks can offer services to their customers such as doing funds transfer while trav elling, receiving online updates of stock price or even performing stock trading while being stuck in traffic. Smart phones and 3G connectivity provide some capabilities that older text message-only phones do not. The convergence of mobile communications and distributed networked computing has provided the foundation for the development of a new channel of electronic business, mobile business [15].Mobile business (m-business) is defined as the use of the mobile information technologies, including the wireless Internet, for organizational communication and coordination, and the management of the firm [16]. M-Banking is a term used for performing balance checks, account transactions, payments, credit applications etc. via a mobile device such as a mobile phone or Personal Digital Assistant (PDA). It is the convenient, simple, secure, anytime and anywhere banking. Many new e-commerce applications will be possible and significantly benefit from emerging ireless and mobile networks. Thes e applications can collectively be termed wireless e-commerce or mobile commerce [17]. The earliest mobile banking services were offered via SMS. With the introduction of the first primitive smart phones with WAP (wireless application protocol) support enabling the use of the mobile web in 1999, the first European banks started to offer mobile banking on this platform to their customers [15]. SMS Banking is a Mobile technology that allows you to request and receive banking information from your bank on your mobile phone via SMS [18].WAP banking is another form of the E-banking that enables the user to communicate interactively with the bank, for which client uses only GSM mobile phone with WAP service. With its options and the method of controlling WAP banking reminds an easy form of Internet banking. WAP is a universal standard for bringing Internet-based content and advanced value-added services to wireless devices such as phones and PDAs [19]. III. CONSUMER ATTITUDE TOWARDS M-BAN KING Technological innovations are having significant importance in human general and professional life. This era can safely be attributed as technology revolution.The quick expansion of information technology has imbibed into the lives of millions of people. Rapid technology advancements have introduced major changes in the worldwide economic and business atmosphere [20]. Research on consumer attitude and adoption of mobile banking showed there are several factors predetermining the consumer’s attitude towards online banking such as person’s demography, motivation and behavior towards different banking technologies and individual acceptance of new technology. It has been found that consumer’s attitudes toward online banking are influenced by the prior experience of computer and new technology [21].The adoption of electronic banking forces consumers to consider concerns about password integrity, privacy, data encryption, hacking, and the protection of personal i nformation [22]. Electronic banking requires perhaps the most consumer involvement, as it requires the 229 consumer to maintain and regularly interact with additional technology (a computer and an Internet connection) [23]. Consumers who use e-banking use it on an ongoing basis and need to acquire a certain comfort level with the technology to keep using it [24]. Customer adoption is a recognized dilemma for the strategic plans of financial institutions.Several studies have investigated why individuals choose a specific bank. Important consumer selection factors include convenience, service facilities, reputation and interest rates [25], [26]. According to Delvin [27], customers have less time to spend on activities such as visiting a bank and therefore want a higher degree of convenience and accessibility. The service-quality attributes that the Internet banks must offer to induce consumers to switch to online transactions and keep using them are perceived usefulness, ease of use, reliability, responsiveness, security, and continuous improvement [28].In another study by [29], they found that individual expectations regarding accuracy, security, network speed, user-friendliness, and user involvement and convenience were the most important quality attributes in the perceived usefulness of Internet-based e-retail banking. The crucial factors that affect an individual’s decision to use or not to use online services the age, the difficulties of using the Internet, fear of changes in banking sector due to technological development and lack of information concerning products and services provided to customers through electronic delivery channels.Factors such as speed of transactions or the cost of using the Internet have little impact on an individual’s final decision [30]. In the study by [1], revealed six composite dimensions of electronic service quality, including the provision of convenient/accurate electronic banking operations; the accessibility and reliability of service provision; good queue management; service personalization; the provision of friendly and responsive customer service; and the provision of targeted customer service. Perceived usefulness, security and privacy are the main perusing factors to accept online banking system [20].According to a study WAP, GPRS and 3G features from mobile devices are of no significance or influence in the adoption of e-banking services [31]. IV. RESEARCH MODEL AND HYPOTHESES Perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use are the two components of Technology Acceptance Model (TAM). According to [32],†perceived usefulness is the extent to which a person believes that using a particular system will enhance his or her performance, while perceived ease of use is the extent to which a person believes that using a particular system will be free of effort†.TAM has been widely used by information system researcher; there is a common agreement among them that the model is val id in predicting the individual’s acceptance of new technologies [33-36]. Perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use is significant factors affecting acceptance of an information system or new technologies. Prior research has empirically found positive relationship between perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness as critical factors on the use of e- banking [31], [37-39]. Hence an application perceived to be useful International Journal of e-Education, e-Business, e-Management and e-Learning, Vol. , No. 3, August 2011 perceived to be easier to use than another is more likely to be accepted by users. By applying these into online banking context we hypothesize: H1: Perceived usefulness has a positive effect on intention to adopt and use MB. H2: Perceived ease of use has a positive effect on intention to adopt and use MB Adoption is the acceptance and continued use of a product, service or idea. According to [40], [41], consumers go through â€Å"a process of knowled ge, persuasion, decision and confirmation† before they are ready to adopt a product or service.The adoption or rejection of an innovation begins when â€Å"the consumer becomes aware of the product†. Consumers will seek out services which offer the best value for money. Hence, for adoption of mobile banking, it is necessary that the banks offering this service make the consumers aware about the availability of such a product and explain how it adds value relative to other products of its own or that of the competitors. An important characteristic for any adoption of innovative service or product is creating awareness among the consumers about the service/product [40].The amount of information consumers have about online banking has been identified as a major factor impacting the adoption. According to [40], while the use of online banking services is fairly new experience to many people, low awareness of online banking is a major factor in causing people not to adopt on line banking. In an empirical study of Australian consumers found that consumers were unaware about the possibilities, advantages/disadvantages involved with online banking. Hence, we posit that:H3: Awareness about MB has a positive effect on intention to adopt and use MB Perceptions of risk are a powerful explanatory factor in consumer behavior as individuals appear to be more motivated to avoid mistakes than to maximize purchasing benefits [42]. The construct Perceived Risk reflects an individual’s subjective belief about the possible negative consequences of some type of planned action or behavior, due to inherent uncertainty. Pavlou [43] refers to perceived system risk as the overall amount of uncertainty perceived by an organization in a particular purchase situation.The Perceived Risk associated with online transactions may reduce perceptions of behavioral and environmental control, and this lack of control is likely to negatively influence e-commerce usage intentions [ 44]. Similar is with m-commerce applications. Diffusion of innovation literature is often silent on perceived risk as a factor influencing the diffusion of an innovation, despite adoption behavior often being a process of dealing with the uncertainty about incorporating an innovation into ongoing practice [45].Services are inherently more risky than products and that the major reason for this is the higher levels of uncertainty which are associated with services [42], [46], [47]. Polatoglu and Ekin [48] also found that perceived risk was one of the major factors affecting consumer adoption, as well as customer satisfaction of mobile banking services. Perceived risk usually arises from uncertainty. Hence we hypothesize: H4: Perceived risks have a negative impact on intention to adopt and use MB. Subjective norm is the perceived social pressure to engage 230 or not to engage in a behavior.Subjective norm is determined by the total set of accessible normative beliefs concerning the exp ectations of important referents [49]. It is the person’s perception that most people who are important to him think he should or should not perform the behavior in question [50]. individual often respond to social normative influences to establish a favorable image within a reference group. Moore and Benbasant define image as the degree to which use of an innovation is perceived to enhance one’s status in social system [51]. H5: Subjective norm has a positive effect on intention to adopt and use MB.RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Perceived usefulness Perceived ease of use Awareness Perceived risk Subjective Norm Fig. 1. RESEARCH MODEL Mobile Banking Adoption The key intention of this paper is to evaluate those factors that manipulate the nature of customers towards mobile banking and their growing tendency towards the online financial institutions. A survey instrument in the form of questionnaire was developed through data collected from previous studies on acceptance of mobile banking. We constructed several questions in the questionnaire based on the objectives of the research.SPSS 12 package was used for analysis. Likert scale is used in order to identify the respondents’ perceptions towards mobile banking adoption. During the interviews we sought general information from the managers about mobile banking and asked them to discuss the reasons for undertaking mobile banking and to highlight mobile banking development challenges. We also asked them to discuss the issues relevant to the future of the initiative. The questionnaires were based on customers’ intention to adopt mobile banking. Sample Convenience sampling method was used.It is a type of non-probability sampling which involves the sample being drawn from that part of the population which is close to hand, i. e, sample population selected because it is readily available and convenient. The reasons of using this sampling type are twofold. First, it offers an easy way to obtain the ra w data for the further analysis. Second, it saves times and costs since the respondents can be randomly selected. Choosing this campus is because of two reasons. First, those business and economics student are revealed with the knowledge of applied business and economics.At the same time, they are equipped with the knowledge of computer science, where the concept of mobile banking is not an alien for these students. Second, it was found that there is no study ever conducted in International Journal of e-Education, e-Business, e-Management and e-Learning, Vol. 1, No. 3, August 2011 the campus, it leaves a motivation to the research to perform a study in order to investigate the students’ adoption for mobile banking in the near future. Table 1 shows the profile of the respondents. The sample shows that the number of male (78. 84%) respondents is higher than the number of female (21. 15%) respondents.The sample shows that the largest age group that responded was from 20 to 30 ye ars of age (82. 7%), followed by age 31 to 40 (11. 5%), then 41 to 50 (03. 8%) and >50 (1. 9%). In the education background more than 55% of the respondents were postgraduate students and more than 28% were graduate students and 11. 5% were PhD students. TABLE I: PROFILE OF THE RESPONDENTS Items No. of Respondent 42 Male 11 Female 20-30 43 31-40 6 41-50 2 >50 1 Graduate 15 Postgraduate 29 PhD 6 Other 2 Factor loading values were obtained using varimax rotation. According to the above table, most of the factor loading for each instrument exceeded 0. , meeting the essentially significant level of convergent validity. Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis. Rotation Method: Varimax with Kaiser Normalization. Rotation converged in 6 iterations. Using eigenvalue greater than 1 as a selection criterion. Each has cumulative frequency of 21. 11, 43. 16, 52. 85, 58. 55 and 69. 94 percent respectively. These factors accounted for 69% of the variance and the factor loading were greate r than 0. 6. Hence the results show that H1, H2, H3, H4 and H5 are confirmed. The results are consistent and are supported by previous studies.TABLE II: RELIABILITY TEST Determinants No. of items PU 7 PEU 5 AW 7 PR 6 SN 2 Reliability 0. 834 0. 760 0. 836 0. 600 0. 778 Demographics Gender Age group Education Percent 78. 84 21. 15 82. 7 11. 5 3. 8 1. 9 28. 8 55. 8 11. 5 3. 8 V. DISCUSSION AND FINDINGS Although mobile banking provides flexibility in performing financial transaction, fast and easy, however individuals are still reluctant to adopt the system because of several reasons. First, the security and privacy are two elements in the perceived risk. Without a proper knowledge of the system, individuals are not interested to test the system.Perceived usefulness, ease of use and consumer awareness has positive impact on the intention to adopt mobile banking while perceived risk has negative impact on it. When online banking is perceived as useful, customer’s intention to adop t it would be greater. Likewise bank customers are likely to adopt mobile banking when it is easy to use. Social influence has positive effect on the use of mobile technology as the individuals think that using the advanced technology will improve his image and status in the society and also it improves his performance.This shows that bank customers anchor their online banking adoption intention to the beneficial outcomes and ease of use process of the system. This finding is particularly important for managers as they decide how to allocate resources to retain and expand their current customer base. However, building a risk-free online transaction environment is much more difficult than providing benefits to customers. Further, the research instrument was tested for reliability using Cronbach’s coefficient alpha estimate. The Cronbach’s alpha values for all dimensions range from 0. 60 to 0. 93, exceeding the minimum alpha of 0. [52], thus the constructs measures are d eemed reliable. Principal component factor analysis with a varimax rotation was conducted. The aim of factors analysis is to confirm the construct validity of the scales could be performed adequately by using principle component analysis. In order to reach this, the minimum factor loading of 0. 6 on its hypothesized constructs is proposed by Nunnally [53]. A number of analyses were conducted for factors analysis. 231 PU PU1-0. 680 PU2-0. 681 PU3-0. 761 PU4-0. 827 PU5-0. 664 PU6-0. 735 PU7-0. 647 TABLE III: FACTOR LOADING SN PEU AW PR PEU1-0. 558 AW1-0. 50 PR1-0. 833 SN1-0. 901 PEU2-0. 577 AW2-0. 711 PR2-0. 658 SN2-0. 886 PEU3-0. 537 AW3-0. 658 PR3-0. 759 PEU4-0. 569 AW4-0. 600 PR4-0. 650 PEU5-0. 824 AW5-0. 662 PR5-0. 679 AW6-0. 662 PR6-0. 741 AW7-0. 658 Code PU1 PU2 PU3 PU4 PU5 PU6 PU7 PEU1 PEU2 PEU3 PEU4 PEU5 AW1 AW2 AW3 AW4 AW5 AW6 AW7 PR1 PR2 PR3 PR4 PR5 PR6 SN1 SN2 TABLE IV: FACTOR EXPLANATIONS. Statements MB gives flexibility to conduct banking business 24 hours/day MB transact ions save more time. MB makes it easier for me to do my banking. MB helps me to know the state of my account faster. MB provides me prompt and efficient services.MB provides systems to give appropriate feedback. MB gives the joy of controlling my financial transactions. Learning to use MB was easy for me. Instructions in the MB system are clear and understandable. I find MB system easy to use. MB has more flexible ways to search for information. I feel that user-friendliness of the MB website is important. I think that I am aware about the benefits of MB I think that I have received enough information about MB. I will frequently use MB in the future. I will strongly recommend others to use MB. I think that using the new MB service is beneficial for me.I have positive perception about using the MB service. MB is compatible to my banking needs. MB will allow unauthorized person to access personal information. MB provides accurate, relevant and up to date information. MB has the chance of data loss and fraud. MB needs expertise and training. MB has inadequate information on the website and less operational reliability. I trust the ability of MB to protect my privacy. People who are important to me think that I should use MB facilities People who influence my behavior think I should use the MB. International Journal of e-Education, e-Business, e-Management and e-Learning, Vol. , No. 3, August 2011 VI. CONCLUSION The result of this study shows that perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, subjective norm, consumer awareness and perceived risk are the important determinants of mobile banking adoption. This study meets the desired objective; but it suffers from one setback. Study concludes that majority of customers are accepting online banking because of many favorable factors. 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